Consumer prices rose 3.8% in January compared to a year earlier, topping consensus estimates that called for 3.7%.
Underlying price pressures also proved stickier than expected, with the RBA's preferred trimmed mean gauge climbing to 3.4%. That marks an uptick from December's 3.3% reading and exceeded what economists had forecast.
The inflation data arrives on the heels of a robust labor market report that showed unemployment holding at multi-decade lows alongside elevated wage growth.
The combination has shifted rate expectations, with markets now assigning high probability to a May move that could take the cash rate to 4.1%. Traders see higher odds of another increase by November.
The RBA made history earlier this year as the first major developed-market central bank to restart its tightening cycle after a pause. Officials continue to emphasize that future decisions will depend on incoming data rather than a preset course.